How and When Pregnancy Tests Work

How and When Pregnancy Tests Work Pregnancy tests rely on the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein that is secreted by the placenta shortly after fertilization. The placenta begins developing after the fertilized egg implants in a womans uterus, which happens about six days after conception, so the earliest these tests can be used to detect pregnancy is about six days post-conception. Wait to Take Test Fertilization does not necessarily take place the same day as intercourse, so most women are advised to wait until they miss their period before trying a pregnancy test. Levels of hCG double about every two days in a pregnant woman, so the test increases in reliability over time The tests work by binding the hCG hormone, from either blood or urine to an antibody and an indicator. The antibody will bind only to hCG; other hormones will not give a positive test result. The usual indicator is a pigment molecule, present in a line across a home pregnancy urine test. Highly sensitive tests could use a fluorescent or radioactive molecule attached to the antibody, but these methods are unnecessary for an over-the-counter diagnostic test. The tests available  over-the-counter versus those obtained those at the doctors office are the same. The primary difference is the decreased chance of user error by a trained technician. Blood tests are equally sensitive at any time. Urine tests tend to be most sensitive using urine from early morning, which tends to be more concentrated (meaning it would have the highest levels of hCG.) False Positives and Negatives Most medications, including birth control pills and antibiotics, do not affect the results of pregnancy tests. Alcohol and illegal drugs do not affect the test results either. The only drugs that can cause a false positive are those containing the pregnancy hormone hCG in them (usually used for treating infertility.) Some tissues in a non-pregnant woman can produce hCG, but the levels are normally too low to be within the detectable range of the tests. Also, about half of all conceptions dont proceed to pregnancy, so there may be chemical positives for a pregnancy that wont progress. For some urine tests, evaporation may form a line that could be interpreted as a positive. This is why tests have a time limit for examining the results. Its untrue that urine from a man will give a positive test result. Although the level of hCG rises over time for a pregnant woman, the quantity of hCG produced in one woman is different from the amount produced in another. This means some women may not have enough hCG in their urine or blood at six days post-conception to see a positive test result. All tests on the market should be sensitive enough to give a highly accurate result (~97%-99%) by the time a woman misses her period.

Technology V.S Personal Contact Essays

Technology V.S Personal Contact Essays Technology V.S Personal Contact Essay Technology V.S Personal Contact Essay Personal Contact Is technology the main cause of diminished human physical contact? The answer as we all know is yes. An unexpected outcome of computers and other technology is the loss of the human moment. A term coined by Harvard lecturer, Edward M. Hallowed, it refers to the psychological encounter that can happen only when two people share the same physical space. The human moment is a quality of interaction that you dont get through technology, even phones (Barbara Bartlett). I couldnt agree more. Although I object that it is an unexpected outcome; I believe that the moment that you choose to use technology over personal contact, you immediately feel the absence of the human touch. I dont believe that technology is exactly easing communication, but weaken it instead. Im not referring to the back and forth messaging thats delivered and received simultaneously, because undoubtedly the message whether is verbally or written meets its goals. Im referring to the communication in the human physical residence. Technology will never replace it; it can by all means weaken it and even destroy it. For most convenient that it is to Just lay back on your most comfortable chair at home and converse with a significant person in your life via text messaging, chat, or even video chat, it could never fulfill the void of not conversing with that person in a more physical way. Due to the availability and easiness of talking through a computer, people often tend to postpone and delay family and friends hangouts. This is very harmful to everyone, especially to children. Children are our future. Does it mean that our future has to be physically unreachable due to fact that itd mostly have to take an emergency to have a human to human interaction? I strongly disagree on this. One of the best feelings in the world is to feel the human touch, voice, and glance, which were available and free since the beginning of times, and will always be. These feelings are irreplaceable. Technology is what I like to call a doubled blade knife; you can trust that it will get the bob done by slicing and cutting what it needs to be sliced and cut, but you always must keep extreme caution to prevent the accident of hurting yourself. Concluding, I want to mention my little sister who is strongly addicted to the internet. She is the most accurate example that I can think of when it comes to choosing technology over human interaction. She is 12 years old and would die if a day went by that she didnt have internet access. This is the way she feels about it. She embraces it with all her heart and is her favorite thing in the whole world. A TV on mute, a tablet logged in on video chat, and a laptop displaying her Backbone account, Youth, and several other windows are her company. Theres not much personal contact with my sister; she is physically isolated from the people around her because she rather feels accompanied by her technological devices. She portraits the majority of preteens in this country. It is a sad reality, and we all should be aware of the harm that technology is causing to our human connection. Http://www. Dalliance. Com/2009/01114/technology- need- human-contact/

Management of IT Governance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management of IT Governance - Research Paper Example The ISO standards that apply globally cover a very wide range of consumer goods from manufactures. Anything that a particular manufacturer decides to do must have proper documentation of the whole process regarding non conformance disposition to show the justification of the action and the proper performance of the action. Compliance to FDA is mandatory for all manufactures in the life sciences and the other related industries. On the other hand, manufactures in the non-life sciences, though they comply with the various federal directives, they strictly adhere to the standards set by ISO. This can either be voluntary to enhance the reliability of their products or to comply with the requirements of the countries where they intend to sell their products. Among the directives enforced by FDA, the two, which have the most significant effect are the 21 CFR Part 820 ant the 21 CFR Part 211 that all require the application of a quality management process. 21 CFR Part 211 that is applicable to all pharmaceutical corporations, covers all aspects of development and manufacture of drugs, right from the personnel, the processes and to the distribution. Among the basic requirements of the regulation are records and reports. Pharmaceutical companies require quality management processes, which are compliant and efficient in order to maintain the required records and reports. The 21 CFR Part 820 that applies to companies dealing with medical devices, requires the presence of controls in the process of designing, documentation, manufacturing as well as production. It specifically requires the implementation of a quality management system that is appropriate for the particular medical device. FDA provides a definition of what it makes up a quality m anagement system and specifies the records, which the manufacturer of the medical device must maintain (Carpenter, 2014).